Atomic Emission and Electron Energy Levels free essay sample

Flame Tests Atomic Emission and Electron Energy Levels AES, or atomic emission spectroscopy, is a method which chemically analyzes the particular wavelength of a sample element to identify and determine the abundance of this certain element. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line unveils the identity of the element while the emitted light intensity is proportional to the number of atoms in the element. The flame test is also a very effective way to identify an individual element. The color of the flame can be described in terms of its wavelength and can be used to identify the element. Energy can be added to atoms in a variety of ways. When heat energy is added, the excited electrons in the atoms emit light while falling back to lower electron energy levels. The light given off has wavelengths and colors that are unique to the element and depend on the amount of energy originally absorbed. We will write a custom essay sample on Atomic Emission and Electron Energy Levels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Usually, each excited atom will only emit one type, or color, of light. There is a normal tendency for the electrons to make a transition or drop back down to the ground state from these excited energy levels. The energy levels in atoms and ions are crucial to the production and the detection of light. These electrons move throughout the energy levels in atoms and molecules. The colors of the emitted light from these particles are dependent on these electron jumps between the shells. When an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level to a lower one, a photon, or particle of light, is produced and emitted. This process can happen in a single step emitting one photon in the process, or the electron can make this trip back down to the ground state in a series of several smaller steps. A photon is emitted with each step. Different elements emit different emission spectra when they are excited because each element has a unique energy level system or energy shell. The difference in the set of emission colors is due to the fact that all elements have different and unique energy level spacing. In any situation, the energy of each photon emission is equal to the difference in the energy between the excited state and the state at which the electron stops moving and relaxes. This is why the color of the emitted light is determined by the amount of energy emitted by the photon. Observing the colors when heat energy is added to a substance is a valuable method of identification of the element. Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and makes up the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum is measured by the wavelengths of the radiation. Most forms of electromagnetic radiation are invisible; however, there is a visible portion of the spectrum that is actually detectable by the human eye. The visible spectrum spans from about four hundred nanometers in wavelength to about seven hundred nanometers. The light emitted at the beginning of the visible spectrum is more violet or blue in color. The light emitted at the end of the visible spectrum is more orange or red in color. However, an infinite number of shades of each color may be observed. When heat energy is added during the flame test, the colors of the flame of the metal ions are as followed: Calcium – Orange Copper – Blue/Green Lithium – Crimson/Red Sodium – Yellow Potassium – Pale Violet Strontium – Scarlet/ Red Therefore, strontium would have the longest wavelengths on the visible spectrum out of the given elements for this lab. Its flame is bright red in color. Lithium would have the second longest wavelengths out of the given elements. Its flame is a lighter reddish color. Calcium would have the third longest wavelengths out of the given elements. Its flame is an orange color. Sodium would have the fourth longest wavelengths out of the given elements. Its flame is yellow in color. Copper would have the fifth longest wavelengths out of the given elements. Its flame is a bluish/pale green color. Finally, potassium would have the sixth longest, or the shortest wavelengths out of the given elements. Its flame burns light purple or violet in color. With this being said, it is easy for elements to be identified with the help of the flame test. This is why the flame test is so valuable to scientists who have to deal with energy and elements like these on an everyday basis.

How to Save 50% of Your Income for Retirement

How to Save 50% of Your Income for Retirement You may think you have years and years to go before you have to start thinking about retirement. Think again. Though the idea isn’t looming on your horizon just yet, it’s actually the best time to start planning. Give yourself a huge edge to being wealthy in your old age. Compare what you’d have after 40 years of savings as opposed to 20- more than double, giving interest rates. You’ll be able to retire sooner, and better. You don’t even have to make a lot to save. There’s plenty you can do making less than $40k per year. So stop procrastinating. Don’t pass up on any opportunities that come your way. Keep your eyes open for them and take them whenever you can- your future self will thank you.1. Save NowIt doesn’t matter whether you’ve never saved, are bad at saving, or have no idea how to do it. Now is the time. Don’t let your expenses become an excuse. These are your prime years; even putting away a little now can pay off a lot later.2. Get HelpCompanies advertise 401k plans in their employment benefits packages for a reason. This is part of your compensation- take advantage of it. Sign up and start using it. And bonus points if your employer has a matching program. Let them double your money for you!3. Go RothNo company sponsored retirement plan? Sign up for the next best option, a Roth IRA. You fund this with money from your paycheck after tax, but when you withdraw the funds later, unlike a 401k, you won’t be taxed. Put as much as you can into that fund. Yes, even now. Do you really need that pair of designer jeans? You can also try the MyRA, from the U.S. Treasury, which promises that the savings bond will never decline in value. Bonus: there are no low-balance fees.4. InvestIf investing is an option for you, do so. And do so shrewdly. Try to put a bit in stocks, not just safe bonds with a safe (and flat) return rate. Look for funds that are targeted for your age bracket to help g uide you. And find a manager you trust!5. Get SmartAn overwhelming number of people don’t have any actual financial literacy. Don’t be one of them. Take control of your future funds by making sure you understand how markets and investments and money work. If your company offers access to a financial advisor? Sit down with them ASAP.6. Stay Out of DebtStudent loans and mortgages are a necessary evil. But try to keep debt from piling up on your credit cards. You’ll pay more than double the original amount for your purchases if you let the interest charges get the better of you.7. Have a StashMake yourself a safety net so you never have to dip into the red. That way, if your car dies, you’re not saddled with a huge credit card bill that has the possibility of becoming a spiraling balance down the road.8. Get Those Tax BreaksFind out whether your tax bracket offers any breaks for contributing to a 401k or IRA. There’s also something called the â€Å"s aver’s credit† for individuals beneath a certain income threshold. See if you qualify.

Network communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network communications - Assignment Example it is networks, which connect computers located mostly in one building, WANs – are networks, which are farther than LANs, however, they connect computers in low distance through the telephone or radio channel, CANs – are networks, which located strictly on the one peculiar location, like the campus of university and so on and the last one is MANs – are the largest networks, which connect considerable quantity of computers, which located in the city. Such networks are very big and have many servers, routers, which allow their functioning (â€Å"What is,† 2013). There are measures of the networks efficiency and one of them is bandwidth. Considering the networks, bandwidth is generally data transfer rate, i.e. amount of some data that can be transferred from one location to another in some specified period of time, however mostly this period is set to one second. Bandwidth is expressed in bps i.e. bits per second. Many modern networks can allow millions of bits per second, and they express it with the Mbps(â€Å"What is,† 2011). Early computers had not access to the network without the special device, it is called NIC. This device allows computers to join the network through some of the channels like wire or radio. Modern computers have preinstalled Computer network interface cards, which are abbreviated to the NIC. Some of the NICs have both wire and radio channels to connect other computers. They belong to the PCI devices(â€Å"What is,† 2011). There are three wired and wireless media for the network transmission and wired ones are: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and to wireless media belong: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared. All these media enable networks’ existence (What is, 2014). There is one situation where there was very hard to enable computers to communicate, I had usual local network connection with one computer and wanted to share my internet connection with it, however, I had PPoE connection and this kind of connection needs