Flashbulb Memory Definition and Examples

Do you remember exactly where you were when you learned about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001? Can you recall with great detail what you were doing when you discovered there had been a terrible shooting at a high school in Parkland, Florida? These are called flashbulb memories—vivid memories of a significant, emotionally arousing event. Yet while these memories seem especially accurate to us, research has demonstrated that isn’t always the case. Key Takeaways: Flashbulb Memories Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing events like the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.The term â€Å"flashbulb memory† was introduced in 1977 by Roger Brown and James Kulik, but the phenomenon was known to scholars well before then.While flashbulb memories were initially believed to be accurate recollections of events, research has demonstrated that they decay over time just like regular memories. Instead, it’s our perception of such memories and our confidence in their accuracy that makes them different from other memories. Origins Well before the term â€Å"flashbulb memory† was introduced, scholars were aware of the phenomenon. As early as 1899, F.W. Colgrove, a psychologist, conducted a study in which participants were asked to describe their memories of discovering President Lincoln had been assassinated 33 years earlier. Colgrove found people’s recollections of where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news were especially vivid. It wasn’t until 1977 that Roger Brown and James Kulik introduced the term â€Å"flashbulb memories† to describe such vivid remembrances of surprising and significant events. The researchers found that people could clearly recall the context in which they heard about major events like President Kennedy’s assassination. The memories usually included where the individual was, what they were doing, who told them, and how they felt, in addition to one or more insignificant details. Brown and Kulik referred to these memories as â€Å"flashbulb† memories because they seemed to be preserved in peoples minds like a photograph at the moment a flashbulb goes off. However, the researchers also noted the memories werent always perfectly preserved. Some details were often forgotten, such what they were wearing or the hairdo of the individual who told them the news. On the whole, though, people were able to recall flashbulb memories even years later with a clarity that was lacking from other kinds of memories. Brown and Kulik accepted the accuracy of flashbulb memories and suggested that people must have a neural mechanism that enables them to remember flashbulb memories better than other memories. Yet, the researchers only asked participants to share their memories of the Kennedy assassination and other traumatic, newsworthy events at one point in time. As a result, they had no way to assess the accuracy of the memories reported by their participants. Accuracy and Consistency Cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser’s own inaccurate recollections of where he was when he learned about the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led him to research the accuracy of flashbulb memories. In 1986, he and Nicole Harsch began research for a longitudinal study in which they asked undergraduate students to share how they’d learned about the explosion of the Challenger Space Shuttle. Three years later, they asked the participants to share their recollections of that day again. While the participants’ memories were just as vivid at both times, over 40% of participants’ memories were inconsistent between the two time periods. In fact, 25% related completely different memories. This research indicated that flashbulb memories may not be as accurate as many believed. Jennifer Talarico and David Rubin took the opportunity presented by September 11, 2001 to test this idea further. The day after the attacks, they asked 54 students at Duke University to report their memory of learning about what happened. The researchers considered these recollections flashbulb memories. They also asked the students to report an everyday memory from the previous weekend. Then, they asked participants the same questions one week, 6 weeks, or 32 weeks later. The researchers found that over time both the flashbulb and everyday memories declined at the same rate. The difference between the two kinds of memories rested in the difference in participants’ belief in their accuracy. While ratings for the vividness and belief in the accuracy of everyday memories declined over time, this wasn’t the case for flashbulb memories. This led Talarico and Rubin to conclude that flashbulb memories aren’t more accurate than normal memories. Instead, what makes flashbulb memories different from other memories, is people’s confidence in their accuracy. Being There Versus Learning About an Event In another study that took advantage of the trauma of the 9/11 attacks, Tali Sharot, Elizabeth Martorella, Mauricio Delgado, and Elizabeth Phelps explored the neural activity that accompanied the recollection of flashbulb memories versus everyday memories. Three years after the attacks, the researchers asked participants to recall their memories of the day of the attacks and their memories of an everyday event from around the same time. While all of the participants were in New York during 9/11, some were close to the World Trade Center and witnessed the devastation first hand, while others were a few miles away. The researchers found that the two groups descriptions of their memories of 9/11 varied. The group closer to the World Trade Center shared longer and more detailed descriptions of their experiences. They were also more confident about the accuracy of their memories. Meanwhile the group that was further away supplied recollections that were similar to those of their everyday memories. The researchers scanned the participants’ brains as they recalled these events and found that when participants who were close by recalled the attacks, it activated their amygdala, a part of the brain that deals with emotional response. This wasn’t the case for participants who were further away or for any of the everyday memories. While the study didnt account for the accuracy of the participants’ memories, the findings demonstrated that first-hand personal experience may be necessary to engage the neural mechanisms that result in flashbulb memories. In other words, flashbulb memories could be the result of being there rather than hearing about an event later. Sources Anderson, John R. Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications. 7th ed., Worth Publishers, 2010.Brown, Roger, and James Kulik. â€Å"Flashbulb Memories.† Cognition, vol. 5, no. 1, 1977, pp. 73-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-XNeisser, Ulric, and Nicole Harsch. â€Å"Phantom Flashbulbs: False Recollections of Hearing the News About Challenger.† Emory Symposia in Cognition, 4. Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of â€Å"Flashbulb† Memories, edited by Eugene Winograd and Ulric Neisser, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 9-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664069.003Sharot, Tali, Elizabeth A. Martorella, Mauricio R. Delgado, and Elizabeth A. Phelps. â€Å"How Personal Experience Modulates the Neural Circuitry of Memories of September 11.† PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the Unites States of America, vol. 104, no. 1, 2007, pp. 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609230103Talarico, Jennifer M., and David C. R ubin. â€Å"Confidence, Not Consistency, Characterizes Flashbulb Memories.† Psychological Science, vol. 14, no. 5, 2003, pp. 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02453Talarico, Jennifer. â€Å"Flashbulb Memories of Dramatic Events Aren’t As Accurate As Believed.† The Conversation, 9 September, 2016. https://theconversation.com/flashbulb-memories-of-dramatic-events-arent-as-accurate-as-believed-64838

The Death Of The Nuremberg Trials ( 1945-46 ) Essay

The Poison has Spread The Nuremberg trials (1945-46) were named â€Å"the greatest trial in history†; they focused on the crimes against humanity that the Nazi’s committed towards others in defense of being superior. They tortured people, treated them like animals, and ultimately dehumanized them. It became a fight, a trial of humanity as the world witnessed the atrocities committed by the Nazis. However, despite the occurrence of this trial and its proof of brutality towards humans, the world ignored the realities of colonization. Thus, Aimà © Cà ©saire in Discourse on Colonialism (1950) stages a trial, similar to the Nuremberg trials, to emphasize his claim that colonialism is also a crime against humanity which must be recognized. He uses his authority to speak on the behalf of those who have been oppressed, who have been dehumanized in the process of colonization, to question and define what the relationship and situation of civilization and colonization. The situation is that Cà ©saire sets the foundation of a trial to prove that colonization is a crime. Cà ©saire’s stages a trail of humanity. â€Å"Europe is indefensible†¦And today the indictment is brought against it†¦on a world scale, by the tens and tens of millions of men who, from the depths of slavery, set themselves up as judges.† (32). Cà ©saire sets the trial with his opening statement, â€Å"Europe is indefensible†. The italicized text places emphasis on what Europe really is and emphasis on the Cà ©saire’s tone. He is describingShow MoreRelatedPolitical Causes Of The Nuremberg Trials1375 Words   |  6 Pages The Nuremberg trials, occurring from November 1945 to October 1946, were crucial in appointing responsibility for the war crimes and crimes against humanity conducted by Germany while under the rule of Hitler and the Nazi Party. 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Spirituality Article The Role of the Healthcare Chaplain

Question: Describe about the Spirituality Article of The Role of the Healthcare Chaplain? Answer: Spirituality is evolving, disputed and problematic concept. There are two edges to the meaning of spirituality; both methodologies recognize a quest for importance. For some individuals, divine vicinity is the key focus; for others, spirituality is a mainstream idea including inward life, individual conviction and emphasizing on self (Iriss.org.uk, 2015). Spirituality is characterized in a few courses as it relates to distinctive perspective of world view (Puchalski, 2004). Worldview can be defined as duty, a key introduction of the heart, that can be communicated as a story or in an arrangement of presuppositions (suppositions which may be genuine, in part genuine or totally false) which an individual holds (intentionally or subliminally, reliably or conflictingly) about the fundamental constitution of reality, and that gives the establishment on which people live and move and have their being (AllAboutWorldview.org, 2015). This essay would relate the worldview to Pluralism, Scienti sm and Postmodernism context of religion and modern culture. The notion of spiritual worldview includes both spirituality and religion. Additionally it also includes different philosophical and sociological beliefs (Tilburt, 2010). It might include the non-theist spirituality, or the new age concepts, utilitarianism or humanism etc. For many individual, this spiritual worldview is a dimension that aids to receptive to the intricate and assorted courses in which individuals customize their convictions (Haynes, Hilbers, Kivikko Ratnavuyha, 2007). Scientism is the way of viewing the world in a scientific method. According to this the whole thing that exists has been demonstrated deductively by utilizing the proper system, this does not prohibit new headways in science which will empower the evidence of other presence. Pluralism is in which the general public individuals structure their way of life in view of acknowledgement and differences. These normal characteristics all take a stab at the benefit of every one of all furthermore acknowledge th ere is some truth in different convictions. This worldview perspective hassles the significance of resistance of different religions however does not however veer off from their own particular convictions. Worldview of Postmodernism spotlights on the advantages of science and perceives that science alone can't offer intending to life (Shelly Miller, 2006). Due to different provider-patient-system characteristics in healthcare, worldview builds cover with other psychological and social develops. Serving patients can include investing time with them, holding their hands, and discussing what is vital to them (Rieg, Mason Preston, 2006). Thus, spirituality worldview supports a more extensive comprehension of and expounds upon the implied content of religion and culture. This helps to understand the patients and disclose approaches to practice profound care, and compress some national endeavors to join spirituality in healthcare and medicine (Barber, 2013). According to Christianity contour, Prime Reality is the unending, individual God uncovered in the sacred scriptures. This God is good, sovereign, omniscient, immanent, transcendent and triune. In answering the second question of worldview, the Christian theistic beliefs that External reality is the universe God completed ex nihilo to work with a consistency of circumstances and end results in an open framework. Thirdly, Human beings are made in the picture of God and accordingly have identity, astonishing toward oneself quality, insight, ethical quality, gregariousness and inventiveness (Sire, 2004). Fourthly, Person Death, is either the entryway to existence with God and his kin or the door to the interminable partition from the main thing that will at last satisfy human yearnings. Fifth, Knowing every is impossible because, individuals can know both their general surroundings and God himself in light of the fact that God has incorporated with them the ability to do as such and in l ight of the fact that he takes a dynamic part in corresponding with them. Sixth, what is wrong and right? God is the wellspring of the ethical world and also the corporeal world. Ethics are otherworldly and are taking into account the character of God as great. Lastly, the seventh question human history, is straight, an important arrangement of occasions prompting the satisfaction of God's reasons for humanity. All things are prompting the zenith of time at the second happening to Christ (Sire, 2004). All the above seven questions of worldview demonstrates in short that God is a healer. According to Biblical understanding, health workers may endeavor to encourage mending from various perspectives but God is the ultimate healer. Therefore, in conclusion, it can be said that spiritual worldview can help the patients to cope with life stress, pain and illness. Believing on God can help the patients to recover from any disease or face the death. Thus, understanding the spirituality worldview helps the health care workers to manage health effectively and also address the spiritual beliefs of the patients and value their framework. References AllAboutWorldview.org,. (2015). Worldviews. Retrieved 23 March 2015, from https://www.allaboutworldview.org/worldviews.htm Barber, C. (2013). Spirituality article 8: the role of the healthcare chaplain. Br J Healthcare Assistants, 7(7), 332-336. doi:10.12968/bjha.2013.7.7.332 Haynes, A., Hilbers, J., Kivikko, J., Ratnavuyha, D. (2007). Spirituality and Religion in Health Care Practice. Sydney. Retrieved from https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/cultural_services/Spirituality_Staff_Resource.pdf Iriss.org.uk,. (2015). Spirituality and ageing: implications for the care and support of older people IRISS Insights, no.19 | IRISS - The Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services. Retrieved 23 March 2015, from https://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/spirituality-and-ageing-implications-care-and-support-older-people Puchalski, C. (2004). Spirituality in health: the role of spirituality in critical care. Critical Care Clinics, 20(3), 487-504. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2004.03.007 Rieg, L., Mason, C., Preston, K. (2006). Spiritual Care: Practical Guidelines for Rehabilitation Nurses. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(6), 249-256. doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2006.tb00021.x Shelly, J., Miller, A. (2006). Called to care. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic/InterVarsity Press. Sire, J. (2004). The universe next door. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. Tilburt, J. (2010). The Role of Worldviews in Health Disparities Education. J GEN INTERN MED, 25(S2), 178-181. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1229-9